Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	15
Number of observations	163994
Missing cells	6186
Missing cells (%)	0.3%
Duplicate rows	6
Duplicate rows (%)	< 0.1%
Total size in memory	18.8 MiB
Average record size in memory	120.0 B

Variable types

NUM	9
CAT	6

Reproduction

Analysis started	2021-03-22 13:47:55.167736
Analysis finished	2021-03-22 13:48:59.367501
Duration	1 minute and 4.2 seconds
Version	pandas-profiling v2.8.0
Command line	`pandas_profiling --config_file config.yaml [YOUR_FILE.csv]`
Download configuration	config.yaml

Warnings

Dataset has 6 (< 0.1%) duplicate rows	Duplicates
`Employment_Years` has 5811 (3.5%) missing values	Missing
`Annual_Income` is highly skewed (γ1 = 35.49006707)	Skewed
`Delinquent_2yr` has 139459 (85.0%) zeros	Zeros

Loan_Amount
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	1274
Unique (%)	0.8%
Missing	7
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	13074.169141456336
Minimum	500.0
Maximum	35000.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	500
5-th percentile	3000
Q1	7000
median	11325
Q3	18000
95-th percentile	30000
Maximum	35000
Range	34500
Interquartile range (IQR)	11000

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	7993.556189
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.6114007018
Kurtosis	0.2289414268
Mean	13074.16914
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5125
Skewness	0.87534248
Sum	2143993775
Variance	63896940.54

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
10000	11795	7.2%
12000	9164	5.6%
15000	7598	4.6%
20000	6864	4.2%
8000	5860	3.6%
6000	5830	3.6%
5000	5582	3.4%
35000	4478	2.7%
16000	4024	2.5%
18000	3668	2.2%
Other values (1264)	99124	60.4%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
500	11	< 0.1%
550	1	< 0.1%
600	6	< 0.1%
700	3	< 0.1%
725	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
35000	4478	2.7%
34975	6	< 0.1%
34900	2	< 0.1%
34875	2	< 0.1%
34850	2	< 0.1%

Term
Categorical

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	7
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

36	129950
60	34037

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
36	129950	79.2%
60	34037	20.8%
(Missing)	7	< 0.1%

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	3.999957316
Min length	3

Interest_Rate
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	512
Unique (%)	0.3%
Missing	7
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	13.715904065566173
Minimum	5.42
Maximum	26.06
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	5.42
5-th percentile	6.62
Q1	10.65
median	13.49
Q3	16.32
95-th percentile	21.67
Maximum	26.06
Range	20.64
Interquartile range (IQR)	5.67

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	4.391939871
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3202078295
Kurtosis	-0.3207745705
Mean	13.71590407
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	2.84
Skewness	0.3278648857
Sum	2249229.96
Variance	19.28913583

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
12.12	5182	3.2%
13.11	4627	2.8%
7.9	4589	2.8%
8.9	4516	2.8%
15.31	3494	2.1%
16.29	3458	2.1%
10.99	3454	2.1%
14.33	3321	2.0%
6.03	3267	2.0%
11.14	3252	2.0%
Other values (502)	124827	76.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5.42	573	0.3%
5.79	405	0.2%
5.93	11	< 0.1%
5.99	347	0.2%
6	34	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
26.06	70	< 0.1%
25.99	79	< 0.1%
25.89	117	0.1%
25.83	151	0.1%
25.8	206	0.1%

Employment_Years
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

MISSING

Distinct count	11
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	5811
Missing (%)	3.5%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	5.729389378125336
Minimum	0.5
Maximum	10.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.5
5-th percentile	0.5
Q1	2
median	6
Q3	10
95-th percentile	10
Maximum	10
Range	9.5
Interquartile range (IQR)	8

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	3.541944849
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.618206342
Kurtosis	-1.518433619
Mean	5.729389378
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	4
Skewness	-0.05799236246
Sum	906292
Variance	12.54537332

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
10	47183	28.8%
2	15766	9.6%
0.5	14248	8.7%
3	13611	8.3%
5	12347	7.5%
1	11414	7.0%
4	11024	6.7%
6	10000	6.1%
7	9079	5.5%
8	7424	4.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.5	14248	8.7%
1	11414	7.0%
2	15766	9.6%
3	13611	8.3%
4	11024	6.7%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
10	47183	28.8%
9	6087	3.7%
8	7424	4.5%
7	9079	5.5%
6	10000	6.1%

Home_Ownership
Categorical

Distinct count	6
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	7
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

MORTGAGE	79714
RENT	70526
OWN	13560
OTHER	156
NONE	30

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
MORTGAGE	79714	48.6%
RENT	70526	43.0%
OWN	13560	8.3%
OTHER	156	0.1%
NONE	30	< 0.1%
ANY	1	< 0.1%
(Missing)	7	< 0.1%

Length

Max length	8
Median length	4
Mean length	5.862531556
Min length	3

Annual_Income
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

SKEWED

Distinct count	14112
Unique (%)	8.6%
Missing	11
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	71915.670519749
Minimum	1896.0
Maximum	7141778.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1896
5-th percentile	27000
Q1	45000
median	61000
Q3	85000
95-th percentile	145000
Maximum	7141778
Range	7139882
Interquartile range (IQR)	40000

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	59070.91565
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.8213914329
Kurtosis	3267.743467
Mean	71915.67052
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	19217
Skewness	35.49006707
Sum	1.17929474e+10
Variance	3489373076

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
60000	6325	3.9%
50000	5379	3.3%
65000	4415	2.7%
40000	4393	2.7%
45000	4208	2.6%
70000	4172	2.5%
75000	3940	2.4%
80000	3832	2.3%
55000	3729	2.3%
90000	2916	1.8%
Other values (14102)	120674	73.6%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1896	1	< 0.1%
2000	1	< 0.1%
3000	1	< 0.1%
3300	1	< 0.1%
3500	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
7141778	1	< 0.1%
6100000	1	< 0.1%
6000000	1	< 0.1%
5000000	1	< 0.1%
4900000	1	< 0.1%

Verification_Status
Categorical

Distinct count	3
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	7
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

VERIFIED - income	60875
not verified	59155
VERIFIED - income source	43957

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
VERIFIED - income	60875	37.1%
not verified	59155	36.1%
VERIFIED - income source	43957	26.8%
(Missing)	7	< 0.1%

Length

Max length	24
Median length	17
Mean length	17.07211239
Min length	3

Loan_Purpose
Categorical

Distinct count	14
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	7
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

debt_consolidation	93261
credit_card	30792
other	10492
home_improvement	9872
major_purchase	4686
Other values (9)	14884

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
debt_consolidation	93261	56.9%
credit_card	30792	18.8%
other	10492	6.4%
home_improvement	9872	6.0%
major_purchase	4686	2.9%
small_business	3841	2.3%
car	2842	1.7%
medical	2029	1.2%
wedding	1751	1.1%
moving	1464	0.9%
Other values (4)	2957	1.8%

Length

Max length	18
Median length	18
Mean length	14.71852629
Min length	3

State
Categorical

Distinct count	50
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	7
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

CA	28702
NY	14285
TX	12128
FL	11396
NJ	6457
Other values (45)	91019

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
CA	28702	17.5%
NY	14285	8.7%
TX	12128	7.4%
FL	11396	6.9%
NJ	6457	3.9%
IL	6099	3.7%
PA	5427	3.3%
VA	5282	3.2%
GA	5189	3.2%
OH	4896	3.0%
Other values (40)	64126	39.1%

Length

Max length	3
Median length	2
Mean length	2.000042684
Min length	2

Debt_to_Income
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	3735
Unique (%)	2.3%
Missing	7
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	15.881530121290105
Minimum	0.0
Maximum	39.99
Zeros	270
Zeros (%)	0.2%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	3.79
Q1	10.23
median	15.62
Q3	21.26
95-th percentile	29.02
Maximum	39.99
Range	39.99
Interquartile range (IQR)	11.03

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	7.587668224
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4777668251
Kurtosis	-0.523370475
Mean	15.88153012
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5.51
Skewness	0.1821600668
Sum	2604364.48
Variance	57.57270908

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	270	0.2%
16.8	152	0.1%
14.4	141	0.1%
19.2	140	0.1%
18	135	0.1%
12	134	0.1%
15.6	129	0.1%
13.2	127	0.1%
20.4	126	0.1%
21.6	123	0.1%
Other values (3725)	162510	99.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	270	0.2%
0.01	6	< 0.1%
0.02	8	< 0.1%
0.03	3	< 0.1%
0.04	5	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
39.99	1	< 0.1%
39.93	1	< 0.1%
39.88	2	< 0.1%
39.85	1	< 0.1%
39.84	2	< 0.1%

Delinquent_2yr
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

ZEROS

Distinct count	19
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	36
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	0.2273570060625282
Minimum	0.0
Maximum	29.0
Zeros	139459
Zeros (%)	85.0%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	0
Q3	0
95-th percentile	1
Maximum	29
Range	29
Interquartile range (IQR)	0

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.6941679229
Coefficient of variation (CV)	3.05320665
Kurtosis	72.66758384
Mean	0.2273570061
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	5.960591595
Sum	37277
Variance	0.4818691052

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	139459	85.0%
1	17158	10.5%
2	4635	2.8%
3	1488	0.9%
4	579	0.4%
5	310	0.2%
6	144	0.1%
7	68	< 0.1%
8	42	< 0.1%
9	26	< 0.1%
Other values (9)	49	< 0.1%
(Missing)	36	< 0.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	139459	85.0%
1	17158	10.5%
2	4635	2.8%
3	1488	0.9%
4	579	0.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
29	1	< 0.1%
18	3	< 0.1%
16	1	< 0.1%
15	2	< 0.1%
14	4	< 0.1%

Revolving_Cr_Util
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	1170
Unique (%)	0.7%
Missing	200
Missing (%)	0.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	54.07917280242256
Minimum	0.0
Maximum	150.7
Zeros	1562
Zeros (%)	1.0%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	8.7
Q1	35.6
median	55.8
Q3	74.2
95-th percentile	92.5
Maximum	150.7
Range	150.7
Interquartile range (IQR)	38.6

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	25.28536677
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4675620106
Kurtosis	-0.8046268733
Mean	54.0791728
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	19.2
Skewness	-0.2489493863
Sum	8857844.03
Variance	639.3497725

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	1562	1.0%
63	271	0.2%
62	271	0.2%
53	270	0.2%
58	266	0.2%
70.1	263	0.2%
61.3	261	0.2%
70.8	259	0.2%
65	257	0.2%
57	257	0.2%
Other values (1160)	159857	97.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	1562	1.0%
0.01	1	< 0.1%
0.03	1	< 0.1%
0.04	1	< 0.1%
0.05	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
150.7	1	< 0.1%
129.4	1	< 0.1%
128.1	1	< 0.1%
120.2	1	< 0.1%
119	1	< 0.1%

Total_Accounts
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	96
Unique (%)	0.1%
Missing	36
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	24.57973383427463
Minimum	1.0
Maximum	118.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	8
Q1	16
median	23
Q3	31
95-th percentile	46
Maximum	118
Range	117
Interquartile range (IQR)	15

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	11.68519037
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4753993857
Kurtosis	0.6264591488
Mean	24.57973383
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	8
Skewness	0.7671960425
Sum	4030044
Variance	136.5436739

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
20	5970	3.6%
21	5947	3.6%
22	5824	3.6%
23	5816	3.5%
17	5800	3.5%
19	5745	3.5%
18	5724	3.5%
24	5569	3.4%
16	5487	3.3%
25	5410	3.3%
Other values (86)	106666	65.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	21	< 0.1%
2	49	< 0.1%
3	323	0.2%
4	782	0.5%
5	1134	0.7%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
118	1	< 0.1%
102	1	< 0.1%
99	2	< 0.1%
95	1	< 0.1%
94	1	< 0.1%

Bad_Loan
Categorical

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

GOOD	133978
BAD	30016

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
GOOD	133978	81.7%
BAD	30016	18.3%

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	3.816968913
Min length	3

Longest_Credit_Length
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	63
Unique (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	36
Missing (%)	< 0.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	14.854273655448347
Minimum	0.0
Maximum	65.0
Zeros	11
Zeros (%)	< 0.1%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	6
Q1	10
median	14
Q3	18
95-th percentile	28
Maximum	65
Range	65
Interquartile range (IQR)	8

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.947732923
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4677261968
Kurtosis	1.961383604
Mean	14.85427366
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	4
Skewness	1.131950456
Sum	2435477
Variance	48.27099276

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
12	12756	7.8%
13	12540	7.6%
11	11889	7.2%
14	11287	6.9%
15	9778	6.0%
10	9649	5.9%
16	8417	5.1%
17	7719	4.7%
9	7649	4.7%
8	7032	4.3%
Other values (53)	65242	39.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	11	< 0.1%
1	67	< 0.1%
2	100	0.1%
3	914	0.6%
4	2477	1.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
65	1	< 0.1%
61	2	< 0.1%
60	2	< 0.1%
59	1	< 0.1%
58	3	< 0.1%

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Cramér's V (φc)

Cramér's V is an association measure for nominal random variables. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating independence and 1 indicating perfect association. The empirical estimators used for Cramér's V have been proved to be biased, even for large samples. We use a bias-corrected measure that has been proposed by Bergsma in 2013 that can be found here.

First rows

	Loan_Amount	Term	Interest_Rate	Employment_Years	Home_Ownership	Annual_Income	Verification_Status	Loan_Purpose	State	Debt_to_Income	Revolving_Cr_Util	Total_Accounts	Bad_Loan	Longest_Credit_Length
0	5000.0	36.0	10.65	10.0	RENT	24000.0	VERIFIED - income	credit_card	AZ	27.65	83.7	9.0	GOOD	26.0
1	2500.0	60.0	15.27	0.5	RENT	30000.0	VERIFIED - income source	car	GA	1.00	9.4	4.0	BAD	12.0
2	2400.0	36.0	15.96	10.0	RENT	12252.0	not verified	small_business	IL	8.72	98.5	10.0	GOOD	10.0
3	10000.0	36.0	13.49	10.0	RENT	49200.0	VERIFIED - income source	other	CA	20.00	21.0	37.0	GOOD	15.0
4	5000.0	36.0	7.90	3.0	RENT	36000.0	VERIFIED - income source	wedding	AZ	11.20	28.3	12.0	GOOD	7.0
5	3000.0	36.0	18.64	9.0	RENT	48000.0	VERIFIED - income source	car	CA	5.35	87.5	4.0	GOOD	4.0
6	5600.0	60.0	21.28	4.0	OWN	40000.0	VERIFIED - income source	small_business	CA	5.55	32.6	13.0	BAD	7.0
7	5375.0	60.0	12.69	0.5	RENT	15000.0	VERIFIED - income	other	TX	18.08	36.5	3.0	BAD	7.0
8	6500.0	60.0	14.65	5.0	OWN	72000.0	not verified	debt_consolidation	AZ	16.12	20.6	23.0	GOOD	13.0
9	12000.0	36.0	12.69	10.0	OWN	75000.0	VERIFIED - income source	debt_consolidation	CA	10.78	67.1	34.0	GOOD	22.0

Last rows

	Loan_Amount	Term	Interest_Rate	Employment_Years	Home_Ownership	Annual_Income	Verification_Status	Loan_Purpose	State	Debt_to_Income	Delinquent_2yr	Revolving_Cr_Util	Total_Accounts	Bad_Loan	Longest_Credit_Length
163984	11975.0	36.0	22.99	2.0	RENT	40000.0	VERIFIED - income	small_business	TX	25.32	0.0	8.6	14.0	GOOD	6.0
163985	4000.0	36.0	6.99	10.0	MORTGAGE	58000.0	VERIFIED - income source	debt_consolidation	WI	1.03	0.0	0.5	18.0	GOOD	19.0
163986	2000.0	36.0	8.19	8.0	MORTGAGE	31000.0	VERIFIED - income source	credit_card	CA	8.45	0.0	16.9	48.0	GOOD	11.0
163987	7000.0	36.0	13.66	10.0	RENT	48681.0	not verified	debt_consolidation	NY	10.85	1.0	58.1	41.0	GOOD	20.0
163988	26500.0	36.0	23.99	8.0	MORTGAGE	170000.0	VERIFIED - income source	small_business	NJ	5.89	0.0	23.6	9.0	GOOD	6.0
163989	15000.0	60.0	12.39	3.0	MORTGAGE	45000.0	not verified	credit_card	OK	31.44	4.0	75.8	34.0	GOOD	20.0
163990	20000.0	36.0	14.99	10.0	OWN	80000.0	VERIFIED - income	home_improvement	VA	23.65	0.0	68.8	18.0	GOOD	22.0
163991	12825.0	36.0	17.14	6.0	MORTGAGE	38000.0	not verified	debt_consolidation	TX	9.03	0.0	70.7	24.0	GOOD	9.0
163992	27650.0	60.0	21.99	0.5	RENT	60000.0	VERIFIED - income source	credit_card	NY	10.10	1.0	61.2	20.0	GOOD	6.0
163993	17000.0	60.0	15.99	10.0	MORTGAGE	63078.0	VERIFIED - income source	debt_consolidation	PA	31.70	0.0	54.0	28.0	GOOD	16.0

Overview

Variables

Interactions

Correlations

Pearson's r

Spearman's ρ

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Cramér's V (φc)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows